Monthly water balance models for 55 basins in 10 countries
نویسنده
چکیده
Two types of monthly water balance models at basin scale are used: PE models use precipitation and potential évapotranspiration (PET) as their observed input data, whereas P models need only precipitation. Calibration proceeds by comparing model runoff and observed runoff. Calibration is entirely automatic with the exclusion of subjective elements. All models differ only by their actual évapotranspiration equations. PE models from previous papers are generalized essentially by replacing the constant évapotranspiration parameter by a periodic one, thus increasing the number of parameters by two (a "parameter" is an unknown constant to be estimated, and which is a characteristic of the river basin to be described). P models use a periodic "driving force", which is intended to represent periodicity of hydrological phenomena, normally originating in the (unavailable) PET time series. These eight PE models and three P models are then applied to 55 river basins in 10 countries with widely diverging climates and soil conditions. A marked improvement of model performance in about one third of the basins is due to the introduction of the above mentioned periodic functions. Even when PET data are available it is sometimes useful to consider P models. P models scarcely perform less well than PE models. An engineer, wanting to try out as few models as possible on a given river basin, can restrict his attention to the optimization of two or three models. The paper is an extension of a long effort towards monthly water balance models, and is believed to give a solution in most circumstances. Modèles de bilan d'eau mensuel pour 55 bassins de 10 pays Résumé Deux types de modèles de bilan d'eau à l'échelle du bassin versant ont été utilisés: les modèles de type PE utilisent les précipitations et l'évapotranspiration potentielle (ETP) comme données d'entrée, tandis que les modèles de type P n'utilisent que les précipitations. Le calage consiste à comparer les débits calculés et observés. Il est complètement automatique et exclut tout élément subjectif. Les modèles ne diffèrent que par l'expression de l'évapotranspiration. Les modèles PE issus de publications précédentes ont été généralisés essentiellement en remplaçant la constante d'évapotranspiration par une fonction périodique. Ceci augmente de deux le nombre de paramètres (un "paramètre" est une constante inconnue caractéristique du bassin versant qui devra être estimée). Les modèles P font appel à une "force motrice" introduisant une périodicité dans les phénomènes hydrologiques; cette périodicité est due à celle de la série temporelle de l'ETP qui n'apparaît pas dans les modèles P). Les huit modèles PE et les trois modèles P ont été appliqués à 55 bassins de 10 pays de climats et de contextes géologiques très différents. Pour un tiers environ des bassins, l'introduction des fonctions périodiques mentionnées plus haut amène une très sérieuse amélioration des performances. Même si les données d'ETP sont disponibles, il est parfois utile de retenir les modèles P qui se révèlent presque aussi performants que les modèles PE. Un ingénieur ne désirant optimiser qu'un nombre restreint de modèles peut se limiter à deux ou trois modèles pour un bassin donné. Le présent article est la continuation d'un long effort en matière de Open for discussion until I April 1999 688 G. L. Vandewiele & Ni-Lar-Win modèles de bilan d'eau à l'échelle mensuelle; les auteurs sont convaincus qu'il fournira presque toujours une solution satisfaisante.
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